Comparative study of first permanent molar emergence in children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64171/JAES.5.4.59-65Keywords:
Permanent teeth, Tooth eruption, Key of occlusion, Time of eruptionAbstract
Tooth eruption is a genetically regulated and dynamic component of odontogenesis, involving the transition of a tooth from its bony crypt to the occlusal plane, where it begins to function and contributes to the establishment of occlusion and caries risk assessment. This cross-sectional study investigated the eruption timing of the first permanent molars (FPM) in Benghazi children aged 5–7 years. A total of 381 children were included in this cross-sectional study. The mean age was 6.30 ± 0.69 years, with a nearly equal gender distribution of 197 (51.7%) males and 184 (48.3%) females were randomly selected from various primary schools, with parental informed consent. Clinical assessment classified the eruption status of FPM as partially erupted, fully erupted, or un-erupted. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to compare eruption timing between mandibular and maxillary teeth as well as right and left sides, while the Mann–Whitney test was used to examine gender differences. Results indicated that mandibular molars erupted significantly earlier than maxillary molars, with no notable difference between right and left sides. Additionally, females demonstrated earlier eruption compared to male. In summary, Libyan children exhibit a global eruption pattern of first permanent molars, characterized by earlier eruption of mandibular teeth relative to maxillary teeth and earlier eruption in females compared to males. These findings highlight the importance of early monitoring and preventive care, while also providing region-specific insights that enrich the global understanding of dental development.
References
Stoica SN, Nimigean V, Vîrlan MJR, Nimigean VR. The pathology of the first permanent molar during the mixed dentition stage—Review. Appl Sci. 2022;13:483.
Santos Quiroz OJ, Tarrillo Mendoza YL, Valenzuela Ramos MR. Chronology of eruption of permanent dentition: Literature review. World Health J. 2020.
Javed S, Baloch MM, Shoaib M, Tahir A, Aslam S, Shaikh AG. Determination of eruption timings of mandibular and maxillary first permanent molar and its association with BMI of children. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2022.
Liversidge HM. Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one—General factors. Dent Update. 2011;38(9):604–6.
Corrêa SCL, Uchôa SACL, Corrêa DL, Corrêa VC. Factors associated with the eruption of permanent teeth: A literature review. Seven Editorial. 2024.
Jain A, Thakur S, Singhal P. Ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars: A review. Glob J Res Anal. 2024.
Kim JY. Diagnosis and treatment for ectopic eruption of permanent first molar. J Korean Dent Assoc. 2012.
Di Venere D, Laforgia A, Lorusso P, Capodiferro S, Corsalini M. Ectopic eruption of the first permanent molar in the maxilla: Cephalometric features of 13 pediatric patients. Appl Sci. 2021.
Bastos RTDRM, Santos CCO, Bellini-Pereira SA, Normando D, Santos CCOD. Self-correction of the ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar and its predictive factors: A systematic review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2023.
Ohtawa Y, Ichinohe S, Kimura E, Hashimoto S. Erupted complex odontoma delaying eruption of permanent molar. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2013.
Mubeen S, Seehra J. Failure of eruption of first permanent molar teeth: A diagnostic challenge. J Orthod. 2018.
Micheli O, Athanasiou M, Kristof V, Antonarakis GS. Chronology and sequence of permanent tooth eruption in a multi-ethnic urban population. Dent J. 2025;13(8):356.
Gupta B, et al. The eruption sequence of primary and permanent teeth in a group of children. Egypt Dent J. 2021;67(1):41–54.
Vandana S, Muthu MS, Akila G, Anusha M, Kandaswamy D, Aswath Narayanan MB. Global variations in eruption chronology of permanent teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hum Biol. 2024;36(8):e24060.
Pahel BT, Vann WF Jr, Divaris K, Rozier RG. A contemporary examination of first and second permanent molar emergence. J Dent Res. 2017;96(10):1115–21.
Wedl JS, Danias S, Schmelzle R, Friedrich RE. Eruption times of permanent teeth in children and young adolescents in Athens (Greece). Clin Oral Investig. 2005;9(2):131–4.
Vandana S, Kandaswamy D, Muthu MS, Aswath Narayanan MB. Sequence and chronology of permanent teeth eruption in 5–18-year-old school children of Chennai and the influence of sex, BMI, and socioeconomic status. Am J Hum Biol. 2025;37(1).
Šindelářová R, Žáková L, Broukal Z. Standards for permanent tooth emergence in Czech children. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17:140.
Fekonja A. Evaluation of the eruption of permanent teeth and their association with malocclusion. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022;8(4):836–42.
Nizam A, Naing L, Mokhtar N. Age and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in Kelantan, north eastern Malaysia. Clin Oral Investig. 2003;7(4):222–5.
Moca AE, Vaida LL, Negruțiu B, Moca RT, Todor B. Influence of age on the development of dental caries in children. J Clin Med. 2021.
Almonaitiene R, Balciuniene I, Tutkuviene J. Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one—General factors. Stomatologija. 2010;12(3):67–72.
Elghareb LA, Elhosary A, Ezat A. Sequence and date of eruption of permanent teeth in children of El-Gharbia Governorate. Egypt Dent J. 2020;66:1963–9.
Moslemi M. An epidemiological survey of the time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in 4–15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004;14(6):432–8.
Helm S, Seidler B. Timing of permanent tooth emergence in Danish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1974;2(3):122–9.
Gaur R, Boparai G, Saini K. Effect of under-nutrition on permanent tooth emergence among Rajputs of Himachal Pradesh. Ann Hum Biol. 2011;38(5):693–701.
Kaur I, Singal P, Bhatnagar DP. Timing of permanent teeth emergence and dental caries among Jat Sikh children of public and government schools of Patiala District. Anthropologist. 2010;12:141–8.
Lakshmappa A, Guledgud MV, Patil K. Eruption times and patterns of permanent teeth in school children of India. Indian J Dent Res. 2011;22(6):755–63.
Bilewitz WZ, McGregor IA. Eruption of permanent teeth in West African (Gambian) children in relation to age, sex and physique. Ann Hum Biol. 1975;2:17–28.
Mugonzibwa EA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Laine-Alava MT, van ’t Hof MA. Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:455–62.
Eskeli R, Lösönen M, Ikävalko T, Myllykangas R, Lakka T, Laine-Alava MT. Secular trends affect timing of emergence of permanent teeth. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:53–8.
Leroy R, Cecere S, Lesaffre E, Declerck D. Variability in permanent tooth emergence sequences in Flemish children. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116:11–7.
Denloye OO. Eruption sequence of first permanent teeth in some Nigerian children. Pediatr Dent J. 2008;18(1):1–4.
Akpata ES. Eruption times of permanent teeth in Nigerian children. Arch Oral Biol. 1971;16(11):1203–9.
Harris EF, McKee JH. Tooth mineralization standards for Blacks and Whites from the Middle Southern United States. J Forensic Sci. 1990;35(4):859–72.
Ogodescu AE, Tudor A, Szabo K, Daescu C, Bratu E, Ogodescu A. Standards of permanent tooth eruption in Romanian children. J Pediatr. 2011;14:53–4.
Leroy R, Bogaerts K, Lesaffre E, Declerck D. The emergence of permanent teeth in Flemish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31:30–9.
Rajic Z, Mestrovic SR, Verzak Z. Chronology and dynamics of permanent tooth eruption in Zagreb children. Coll Antropol. 2000;24(1):137–43.
