Tritropic interaction between Myzus persicae and its natural enemy Aphidius ervi grown on lettuce plant infected with systemic pathogen Botrytis cinerea under natural environmental condition
Keywords:
Aphidius ervi, Botrytis cinerea, Myzus persicae, interactionAbstract
Effects of interactions between the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its common parasitoid, Aphidius ervi Vierek (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), were investigated in the field which is less controlled environment to determine if these are influence by infection of the host aphids reared on lettuce Lactuca sativa, L. (Asteraceae: Compositae) by the widespread plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The field experiment showed that females parasitoids are generally larger than males, which may be due to the results of sex–specific allocation of offspring to host of higher and lower food value and the sex specific exploitation of host resources. More parasitoid mummies A. ervi were recorded on uninfected plants than infected ones (F 1,48 = 66.57 P = 0.001). Most of the parasitoids reared on host grown on uninfected plants give rise to female parasitoids while parasitoids reared on host grown on infected plants gave rise to equal proportion. Overall 62.2% females were recorded against 37.7% male parasitoids. Female Aphidius ervi were larger than males but the sizes was not significantly different (F1,49 = 2.13, P = 0.136) when reared on both infected and uninfected plants. However, the interaction between sex and infection was significant (F1,99= 17.21, P < 0.001). Also infection of B. cinerea has no effect on the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence and the rate of photosynthesis but significantly affects the dry mass of the plant. Although, covering the plants with an insect net did not affect the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence but significantly affected the rate of photosynthesis, internode length, dry root and shoot weight of the plants. Until harvest no sign of B. cinerea lesion was seen in any of the experimental plants. Therefore, the observations of the field experiment provide further evidence that hidden, systemic host plant infection by B. cinerea influences the interaction between aphids and their parasitoids.
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Yahaya & Fellowes. Host Plant Infection by Botrytis cinerea Affects the Interaction between Aphids and their Parasitoids. Journal of Biological Sciences and Bioconservation 2013; 5:111-123.
Yahaya SM, Abdullahi H, Umar MA. Does learning by parasitoid influence host choice and handling time. CIBTech Journal of Microbiology 2015; 4(3):20-26.
Agrios NG. Plant Pathology. Elsevier Academic Press, USA, 2005.
Godfray HCJ. Parasitoids: Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology (Princeton University Press) Chichester, UK, 1994.
Heng-Moss TM, Macedo T, Markwell JP, Baxebdale FP, Quisenberyy SS, Tomolymay V. Comparism of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Concentrations Among Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) -Infested Wheat Isolines. Journal of Economic Entomology 2003; 96:475-481.
Johnson SN, Douglas AE, Woodward S, Hartley SE. Microbial Impacts on Plant-Herbivore Interactions: The Indirect Effects of a Birch Pathogen on a Aphid. Oecologia 2003; 134:388-396.
Landis DA, Wratten SD, Gurr GM. Habitat Management to Conserve Natural Enemies of Arthropods Pests in Agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 2000; 45:175-201.
Minitab Inc. Minitab Statistical Software, Release 16 for Windows, State College, Pennsylvania, 2009.
Mouttet R, Philippe B, Thomas C, Desneux N. Phytophagous Arthropods and a Pathogen Sharing a Host Plant. PLOS One 2011; 6(5):e18840.
Nickolas G, Kavallieratos ZT, Andjeljko P, Marina JPS, Christos GA. Review and Key for Identification of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of Aphids Infesting Herbaceous and Shrubby Ornamental Plants in South eastern Europe. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 2013; 106:294-309.
Rehman A, Powell G. Host Selection Behaviour of Aphid Parasitoids (Aphidiidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 2010; 29:299-311.
Sequeira R, Mackauer M. Seasonal Variation in Body Size and Offspring Sex Ratio in Field Populations of Parasitoid Wasp Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Oikos 1993b; 68:340-346.
Shannag HK, Ababneh JA. Biometry and Response of Faba Beans Varieties to Black Bean Aphid, (Aphis fabae Scopoli). Journal of Agric and Environmental Science 2007; 2:328-334.
Stout MJ, Thaler JS, Thomma BPJ. Plant-Mediated Interactions between Pathogenic Microorganisms and Herbivorous Arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 2006; 51:668-689.
Turlings CJT, Felix LW, Louise EM, Vet W, Joseph L, James HT. Learning of Host-Finding Cues by Hymenopteran Parasitoids. In Daniel, P. and Lewis, A. (ed.) Insect Learning, 1993, p51-78.
Vincenzo L, Veronica MTL, Angela C. Role of Phenolics in the Resistance Mechanisms of Plants Fungal Pathogens and Insects. In (ed) Imperato, F. Phytochemistry Advances in Research, 2006, p23-67.
Yahaya & Fellowes. Host Plant Infection by Botrytis cinerea Affects the Interaction between Aphids and their Parasitoids. Journal of Biological Sciences and Bioconservation 2013; 5:111-123.
Yahaya SM, Abdullahi H, Umar MA. Does learning by parasitoid influence host choice and handling time. CIBTech Journal of Microbiology 2015; 4(3):20-26.
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