Immune checkpoints as biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of breast cancer
Keywords:
breast cancer, immune biomarkers, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common tumor happened to women. The identification of immune checkpoint molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), is important in the field of BC. A case-control study was conducted on 60 BC patients and 30 healthy controls. This study aimed to evaluate the immune checkpoint as a biomarker for the diagnosis and progression of BC disease. The serum level of PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 was determined with an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Medium levels of PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were significantly elevated in BC compared to controls. Its increase in breast cancer patients with metastasis may also indicate a relationship between it and the progression of the disease to metastasis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that PD-L1 was a significant predictor of BC and a good area under the curve was demonstrated. A relationship can be concluded between PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 levels and BC, as its significant increase was observed in patients, and its increase in BC patients with metastatic may indicate the existence of a relationship between it and the progression of the disease until it reaches the state of metastatic.
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