Biological suppression of early blight disease (Alternaria solani Sorauer) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Nano Silica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64171/IJPR.2026.6.2.1-7Keywords:
Biocontrol, Early blight, Alternaria solani, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, Nano Silica, Solanum tuberosum, Integrated disease managementAbstract
Background: Early blight disease, incited by the soilborne necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani Sorauer, constitutes a major biotic constraint on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation, with potential yield losses exceeding 86%. Repeated application of broad-spectrum synthetic fungicides has raised growing concerns regarding environmental contamination, pathogen resistance development, and agrochemical residues in food commodities.
Methods: A screenhouse experiment was carried out from January to May 2024 at the UPTD Seed Potato Station, Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia (1,500 m a.s.l.; 18–25 °C). A Randomized Block Design was employed with seven treatments and four replications (28 plots; 12 plants per plot; cv. Granola L.). Treatments comprised: P1 – B. subtilis (10 ml/L; 10⁹ CFU/ml); P2 – B. subtilis + Nano Silica (3,000 ppm); P3 – T. harzianum (20 g/L; 10⁶ spores/ml); P4 – T. harzianum + Nano Silica; P5 – B. subtilis + T. harzianum + Nano Silica; P6 – untreated negative control; P7 – Mancozeb 80 WP (2 g/L). Applications began at 10 weeks after planting (WAP) and were repeated weekly for four consecutive weeks. Disease intensity was assessed using a 0–5 ordinal scale and converted to a disease index percentage. Data were subjected to ANOVA and mean separation by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level.
Results: Treatment effects on disease intensity were highly significant at all post-application observation periods (F = 15.82–194.85; p < 0.001; R² = 0.82–0.98). At 13 WAP, the triple combination P5 (5.60%) was statistically equivalent to the Mancozeb standard P7 (5.72%), both being significantly superior to all other treatments, while the negative control P6 reached 23.56%. Tuber yield in P2 (636 g/plot) significantly exceeded P6 (375 g/plot). Plant height was not significantly affected by any treatment.
Conclusion: The combined application of B. subtilis, T. harzianum, and Nano Silica (P5) effectively suppressed A. solani to a level statistically equivalent to the synthetic fungicide standard, representing a viable eco-friendly alternative for integrated early blight management in potato production.
Downloads
References
Adinurani PG, Rahayu S, Zahroh NF. Aplikasi Bacillus subtilis pada beberapa bahan organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.). J Agritek. 2020;21(1):14-19. doi:10.33319/agtek.v21i1.69.
Albawi AM, Abdelaziz MA, Attia SM, Saied E, Elgonzory HH, Hashem HA. Mycosynthesis of silica nanoparticles using Aspergillus niger: control of Alternaria solani causing early blight disease, induction of innate immunity and reducing oxidative stress in eggplant. Antioxidants. 2022;11(3):455.
Amin M, Darmawan, Junaedi. Estimation of pest attack intensity and cocoa production in various control systems in Mamuju District. Agrokompleks, 2023. Available from: https://ppnp.e-journal/agrokompleks
Awan AZ, Shoaib A, Schenk MR, Ahmad A, Alansi S, Paray AB. Antifungal potential of volatiles produced by Bacillus subtilis BS-01 against Alternaria solani on Solanum lycopersicum. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:991582.
Badan Pusat Statistik. Produksi tanaman sayuran 2021-2023. Jakarta: BPS, 2024. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id
Brouwer SM, Brus-Szkalej M, Saripella GV, Liang D, Liljeroth E, Grenville-Briggs LJ. Transcriptome analysis of potato infected with the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani. Plants. 2021;10(10):2212. doi:10.3390/plants10102212.
Djaya L, et al. Bacillus subtilis and Lysinibacillus sp. in carbon fibre and nano silica suppress Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and tomato seedling blight. Agrikultura. 2021;32(2):135. doi:10.24198/agrikultura.v32i2.33387.
Doko CHA. Uji efektivitas beberapa jenis pestisida nabati untuk menghambat pertumbuhan jamur patogen Alternaria solani [undergraduate thesis]. Kupang: Universitas Nusa Cendana, 2022.
Farida N, Sudiono, Aeny NT, Hidayat FK, Suharjo R. Pengaruh kerapatan spora Trichoderma sp. dan konsentrasi molase terhadap intensitas penyakit bulai dan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung. J Agrotek Trop, 2022. Available from: https://jurnal.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JA/article/view/5540
Hamidson H, Adrian R, Umayah A, Gunawan B. Insidensi dan identifikasi penyakit layu pada terung di Desa Tanjung Pering. J HPT. 2022;4(2):963-973.
Hayati ODP, Prihastanti E, Hastuti ED. Kombinasi pupuk nano silika dan NPK terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung (Zea mays L. var. Pioneer 21). J Biol Papua. 2019;11(2):94-102. doi:10.31957/jbp.896.
Irawan A. Penyakit bercak kering Alternaria pada kentang. Agrokompleks Kita, 2019. Available from: https://agrokomplekskita.com
Ishlah MA, Kristanto BA, Kusmiyati F. Pengaruh Trichoderma harzianum Rifai dan nano silika terhadap penyakit moler dan produksi bawang merah. Agrotechnol Res J. 2022;6(2):118-126. doi:10.20961/agrotechresj.v6i2.65179.
Istifadah N, Novilaressa PG, Widiantini F, Hartati S. Keefektifan bakteri dan khamir asal air rendaman kompos dalam menekan perkembangan penyakit bercak coklat (Alternaria solani) pada tomat. Agrikultura. 2020;31(1):52. doi:10.24198/agrikultura.v31i1.26876.
Kumar S, Kumar S, Mohapatra T. Interaction between macronutrients and micronutrients in plants. Front Plant Sci. 2021;12:665583. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8141648/
Kumbar B, Mahmood R, Nagesha NS, Ngaraja SM, Prashant GD, Kerima ZO, et al. Field application of Bacillus subtilis isolates for controlling late blight disease of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2019;21:101314. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101314.
Mannai S, Hamdi BN. Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus spp. in controlling Pythium ultimum associated with apple seedling decline and their growth promotion effect. Egypt J Biol Pest Control. 2023;33:41.
Muhibuddin A, Salsabila S, Sektiono AW. Kemampuan antagonis Trichoderma harzianum Rifai terhadap beberapa jamur patogen penyakit tanaman. Agrosaintifika. 2021;4(1):225-233. doi:10.32764/agrosaintifika.v4i1.2371.
Mugao L. Morphological and molecular variability of Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans causing tomato blights. Int J Microbiol, 2023. doi:10.1155/2023/5502456.
Mutakin DJ. Pengaruh konsentrasi Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn terhadap perkembangan Alternaria solani Sorauer penyebab penyakit bercak daun pada tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) [undergraduate thesis]. Bandung: Universitas Islam Nusantara, 2018.
Ngau M. Efektifitas Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn dalam mengendalikan penyakit bercak coklat pada tanaman tomat akibat serangan Alternaria solani Sor. [undergraduate thesis]. Tarakan: Universitas Borneo Tarakan, 2024.
Nuviani EPI, Martosudiro M, Choliq FA. Pengaruh beberapa fungisida terhadap Alternaria solani L. penyebab penyakit bercak kering pada tanaman tomat di lapangan. J Hama Penyakit Tumbuh. 2023;11(2):84-92. doi:10.21776/ub.jurnalhpt.2023.011.2.4.
Podbielska M, Liśkiewicz KM, Jagusztyn B, Piechowicz P, Sadlo S, Borowiec SM, et al. Influence of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum on penthiopyrad degradation under laboratory and field studies. PubMed, 2020. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32245000/
Pratama AR, Sativa N, Kamaludin. Pengaruh jenis warna dan ketinggian perangkap terhadap serangan serangga pada tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.). Agro Tatanen J Ilm Pertan. 2021;3(2):7-12. doi:10.55222/agrotatanen.v3i2.535.
Prihatiningsih N. Bacillus subtilis as antibacterial, antifungal, plant growth promoter and induced systemic resistance. Rekayasa, 2021. doi:10.21107/rekayasa.v16i1.17207.
Raigond P, Jayanty SS, Parmar V, Dutt S, Changan SS, Luthra KS, Singh B. Health-promoting compounds in potato. Food Chem, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136578.
Setiaji A, Annisa RRR, Rahmandhias DT. Bakteri Bacillus sebagai agen kontrol hayati dan biostimulan tanaman. Rekayasa. 2023;16(1):96-106. doi:10.21107/rekayasa.v16i1.17207.
Suharti WS, Bahtiar J, Kharisun K. Pengaruh ragam sumber silika terhadap pertumbuhan dan ketahanan tanaman padi terinfeksi Rhizoctonia solani. J Pertan Terpadu. 2021;9(1):26-39. doi:10.36084/jpt.v9i1.297.
Tunjung P, Nugroho PA. Efek bahan aktif mancozeb terhadap kandungan karbohidrat, protein, lipid, dan klorofil Chlorella sorokiniana. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021.
Wartono H, Safitri N, Djaya L, Sianipar MS. Kemampuan Bacillus subtilis dan Trichoderma harzianum dalam campuran serat karbon dan silika nano untuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman padi terhadap penyakit blas (Pyricularia oryzae). Agrikultura. 2021;31(3):182. doi:10.24198/agrikultura.v31i3.29483.
Zhang D, Yu S, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhao D, Pan Y, et al. Antifungal effects of volatiles produced by Bacillus subtilis against Alternaria solani in potato. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1196. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01196.
