Sandalwood: from field to industry
Keywords:
cultivation, distribution, habitat, sandalwoodAbstract
Sandalwood, stands as India's oldest, most esteemed, and economically significant herbal plant. Revered for its distinctive aroma, this sacred plant finds mention in Vedas, Puranas, Buddhism, and various scriptures, playing a role in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism cultures. Not only utilized for its fragrant essential oil in perfumes, food, cosmetics, and aromatherapy, but the heartwood of this plant also holds immense commercial value in both national and international markets. Ayurvedic practices have embraced its use as an expectorant, diazepam, and astringent. Beyond its traditional applications, Santalwood has been associated with diverse therapeutic and medicinal attributes, including Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Hepatoprotective, and Cardiac-protective properties. However, due to excessive exploitation, the plant faces inclusion in the IUCN Red List. This review provides a glimpse into the traditional medicinal uses of Santalwood, delving into its pharmacological properties, habitat, and cultivation practices.
Downloads
References
Surata K. Effect of host plants on growth of sandalwood (Santalum album) seedlings. Santalum. 1992;9:1-10.
Applegate GB, Lonerragan, Chamberlain J, Dahuri G, Feigelson JL, Hamilton L, et al. Sandalwood in the Pacific. In: L Hamilton & C E Conrad (eds) Proceedings of the symposium on sandalwood in the Pacific. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Honolulu, 1990, 1-11.
Jones et al. Sandalwood fragrance biosynthesis involves Sesquiterpene synthases of both the Terpene Synthase (TPS)-a and TPS-b subfamilies, including santalene synthases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2008;286(20):17445-17454.
Bulai P, Nataniela V, Doran JC, Brophy JJ. Sandalwood—a global perspective. In: Thomson L, Bulai S, Sovea L (eds) Regional workshop on sandalwood research, development and extension in the Pacific Islands and Asia, Noumea, New Caledonia, 7–11 October 2002. Secretariat of the Pacific, Suva, 2005, p29-49.
Bulai P, Nataniela V. Research, Development, and Extension of Sandalwood in Fiji – A New Beginning. In 'Regional workshop on Sandalwood Research, Development and Extension in the Pacific Islands and Asia'. Noumea, New Caledonia, 7-11 October 2002. (Eds L. Thomson, S. Bulai and L. Sovea) pp. 83-91. Suva, Fiji: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2005.
Bulai P, Nataniela V, Doran JC, Brophy JJ. Sandalwood—a global perspective, 2005.
Hari Prasath CN, Balasubramanian A, Radhakrishnan S. Department of Silviculture and Natural Resource Management Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam.
Annapurna D, Rathore TS, Joshi G. Modern nursery practices in the production of quality seedlings of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) – stage of host requirement and screening of primary host species. J. Sustain For. 2006;22:33-55; doi:10.1300/J091v22n03_03.
Jiko, Barrett and Fox 1995; Doran and Brophy 2005, Jiko LR (1993) Status and current interest in sandalwood in Fiji. In: McKinnell FH (ed) Sandalwood in the Pacific Region. Proceedings of Symposium, 2 June 1991 at the XVII Pacific Science Congress, Honolulu, Hawaii, ACIAR Proceedings No. 49. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, 1993, 13-18.
Brand JE, Jones P. Growing sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) on farmland in Western Australia. Forest Products Commission, Western Australia, Perth, Australia, 2001, 1-25.
Harbaugh and Baldwin. American-Eurasian Journal of Botany, 2007.
Rugkhla et al. Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) establishment in the semi-arid and arid regions of Western Australia, January 2013. The Rangeland Journal. 1997;35(1):109. DOI:10.1071/RJ12088.
Ananthpadmanabhe HS, Nagveni HC, Rai SN. Influence of host plants on growth of sandal. My Forest. 1988;26(2):156-160.
S.M.C.U.P. Subasinghe, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
Khan MS, Singh M, Khan MA, Ahmad S. Protective effect of Santalum album on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2014 Jan 9;3(2):2760-71.
Doran J, Thomson L, Brophy J, Goldsack B, Bulai P,Faka’osi T, et al. Variation in heartwood oil composition of young sandalwood trees in the south Pacific (Santalum yasi, S. album and F1 hybrids in Fiji, and S. yasi in Tonga and Niue). Sandalwood Research Newsletter. 2005;20:3-7.
Harbaugh and Baldwin. American-Eurasian Journal of Botany, 2007.
ISO 3518:2002; Howes et al 2004, Melanie-Jayne R Howes, Monique S J Simmonds, Geoffrey C Kite, Evaluation of the quality of sandalwood essential oils by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, March 2004 Journal of Chromatography A 1028(2):307-12, DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.093.
Barrett and Fox. Current State of Knowledge and Implications for Conservation and Enhancement, Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Austral Islands, French Polynesia, 1995.
Srinivasan VV, Sivaramakrishnan VR, Rangaswamy CR, Ananthapadmanabha HS, Shankaranarayana KH. Sandal (Santalum album L.), ICFRE, Dehra Dun, 1992.
Warnke PH, Becker ST, Podschun R, Sivananthan S, Springer IN, Russo PA, et al. The battle against multi-resistant strains: renaissance of antimicrobial essential oils as a promising force to fight hospital-acquired infections. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2009 Oct 1;37(7):392-7.
Radomiljac AM, Anathapadmanabha HS, Welbourn RM, Satyanarayana Rao K. The effect of sandalwood availability on the craftsman community. In Sandal and its Products. ACIAR Proceedings (84), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, 1998, p204.
Viollon C, Chaumont JP. Antifungal properties of essential oils and their main components upon Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathologia. 1994 Dec 1;128(3):151-3.
McComb JA. Clonal Santalum album growth, oil content and composition on different hosts and at different locations. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 2009;92:15-25.
ISO 3518:2002; Howes et al, Melanie-Jayne R Howes, Monique S J Simmonds, Geoffrey C Kite. Evaluation of the quality of sandalwood essential oils by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A. 2004 March;1028(2):307-12, DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.093.
Rugkhla, Benjamin Sawyer. Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) establishment in the semi-arid and arid regions of Western Australia, The Rangeland Journal. 2013 January;35(1):109. DOI:10.1071/RJ12088.
Ochi T, Shibata H, Higuti T, Kodama KH, Kusumi T, Takaishi Y. Anti-Helicobacter p ylori Compounds from Santalum album Journal of Natural Products. 2005 Jun 24;68(6):819-24.
Biswapriya B Misra, Satyahari Dey. Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.
Suriamihardja, Andrew M Radomiljac. The influence of pot host species, seedling age and supplementary nursery nutrition on Santalum album Linn. (Indian sandalwood) plantation establishment within the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia, Forest Ecology and Management. 1993;102(2–3).
Tamla HT, Cornelius J, Page T. Reproductive biology of three commercially valuable Santalum species: development of flowers and in florescences, breeding systems, and interspecific crossability. Euphytica. 2012;184(3):323-333.
