European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychi-dae) and its management by using Horticulture mineral oils (HMOs) in apple orchards of Kashmir
Keywords:
life cycle, horticultural, Panonychus ulmi, mineral, oils and kashmirAbstract
The European red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, is a major pest in almost all fruit growing regions of the world and affects the fruit production in Kashmir if not controlled early. The aim of the study was to find the effect of Bal spray oil Horticultural mineral oil (HMO) for its bio efficacy, phytotoxicity and effect on natural enemies against European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari; Tetranychidae) on apple orchards variety red delicious at two locations in Kashmir during the year 2014 and 2015. Hindustan Petroleum (HMO) was used as standard check for conducting the experiment. Both the mineral oils were sprayed during dormant and summer seasons to suppress different stages of the pests. Different concentrations of oil were sprayed viz., 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 % during dormant season. All the concentrations significantly reduced the insect pest populations over the standard check. The HMO Balspray resulted in highest mean mortality of (80.84%) at 2.5% followed by 77.46% mean mortality at 2.0% and at 1.0% concentration the molecule recorded mean mortality of (67.00%). Two parasitoids (Amblyseius fallacis coccinellids), were found associated with the infested orchard with European red mite (ERM).
References
Abbot WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1925;18:265-267.
Amano H, Chant DA. Species diversity and seasonal dynamics of Acari on abandoned apple trees in southern Ontario, Canada. Experimental and Applied acarology. 1990;8:71-96.
Hardman IM, Rogers ML, Gaul SO, Bent ED. Insectary and Initial testing in Canada of an organophosphate/pyrithroid-resistant strain of the predator mite Typholodromus pyri (Acari: phytoseiidae) from New Zealand environmental Entomology. 1997;26:1424-1436.
Bhalla OP, Gupta PR. Insect pest of temperate fruits. Advances in Horticulture - Fruit Crops Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 1993;3:1557-1589.
Bhardwaj SP. Effect of summer applications of insecticides on San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) in orchards of apple (Malus pirmila). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1988;58:655-656.
Chapman PJ. Petroleum oils for the control of orchard pests. N.Y. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull, 1967, 814.
Badenes-Perez FR, Zalom FG, Bentley WJ. Effects of dormant insecticide treatments on the San Jose scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its parasitoids Encarsia perniciosi and Aphytis spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). International Journal of Pest Management, 2010, 26.
Hix RL, Pless CD, Deyton DE, Sams CE. Management of San Jose Scale on apple with soybean oil dormant sprays. Horticulture Science. 1999;34(1):106-108.
Khajuria DR, Sharma HK. Use of miscible oil and insecticidal combinations in management of San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) on apple (Malus domestica). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1999;67:488-489.
Lal KB. Insect pests of fruit trees grown in the plain of the Uttar Pradesh and their control. Agriculture and Animal Husbandary. 1952;3(1-2):54-80.
Mir MA, Nehru RK, Showkat Ahmad, Shabeenamajid, Jalaludin P. Efficacy of some horticultural mineral oils (HMO’s) against Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) in Kashmir Green Farming. 2015;6(5):1126-1129.
Madson H, Morgan CVG. Pome fruit pest’s ad their control. Journal of Entomological Sciences. 1970;37:41-45.
Singh. Temperate fruit pests in India. Entomological Society. 1964;5:261-300.
Singh SS, Tiwari HC, Rai KM. Evaluation of some modern insecticides against San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) on apple. Journal of Entomological Research. 2001;25:69-71.
Sud VK, Hameed SF, Sharma LD. The insecticidal control of San Jose Scale on apple. Journal of Horticulture. 1975;50(2):165-168.
Sofi MA. Studies on the current status of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) and its management on Apple. PhD Dissertation SKUAST-K, 2006.
Van de Vrie M. Apple In: spider mites their biology, Natural enemies and control Helle, W. and Sabelis, M.W. (eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, World Crop Pests. 1985;1B:311-325.
Erol T, Yasar B. Studies on the population fluctuations of Aphis pomi the pest on apple in van province. Proceeding of the third Turkish national congress of Entomology, 1996, September 24-28, Ankara,77-84.
Yanar D, Ecevit O. Species composition and seasonal occurrence of spider mites and their predators in sprayed and un sprayed apple orchards in Tokat, Turkey. Phytoparasitica. 2008;36(5):491-501.
Cross JV, Berrie AM. Effects of repeated foliar sprays of insecticides or fungicides on organophosphate-resistant strains of the orchard predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri on apple. Crop Prot. 1994;13:39-44.
Hardman JM, Herbert HJ, Sanford KH, Hamilton D. Effects of populations of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi, on the apple variety Red Delicious in Nova Scotia. Can. Entomol. 1985;117:1257-1265.
